Selected annotated 
bibliography of PCRS

This bibliography represents a selection of foundational texts in the field of premodern critical race studies (PCRS). It focuses on secondary sources examining premodern race and how constructions of difference in the past continue to reverberate today. While these entries treat a variety of sociohistorical and linguistic contexts, the studies themselves covered here are all produced in English. This is a continuously expanding document created by the ACMRS Postdoctoral Research Scholars in collaboration with the RaceB4Race Executive Board.

Period
Discipline

Stevens, Scott Manning, Nancy Shoemaker, Jean M. O'Brien, Juliana Barr, and Susan Sleeper-Smith. Why You Can't Teach United States History without American Indians. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

A collection of essays which offer a reconceptualization of U.S. history from the early modern period to the present underpinned by Native history and sovereignty. The work is geared towards offering educators today a set of crucial pedagogical devices. The essays in this compendium engage the study of U.S. history, anticolonialism, and sovereignty among many other fields.

Early Modern
History

Stevens, Scott Manning. “From ‘Iroquois Cruelty’ to the Mohawk Warrior Society: Stereotyping and the Strategic Uses of a Reputation for Violence.” In Violence and Indigenous Communities: Confronting the Past, Engaging the Present, edited by Jeff Ostler, Joshua L. Reid, and Susan Sleeper-Smith, 86-105. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2021.

This chapter interrogates French representations of the Haudenosaunee in the 17th and 18th centuries. The essay examines the enduring stereotype of “savagery” created to demonize Indigenous peoples in the Americas. Stevens traces the stereotype from the legacy of Haudenosaunee ferocity from written and visual representations created by the French during their colonial project in North America.

Early Modern
Literature

Thompson, Ayanna. Passing Strange: Shakespeare, Race, and Contemporary America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

A study on appropriations of Shakespeare and race in a 21st century U.S. context. The book questions the assumed universalism of Shakespeare and argues that theater practitioners should examine the semiotics of race in their productions. The book also addresses the use of Shakespeare in prison reform programs and argues for participant-centric programs that allow for appropriation and adaptation. It analyzes film adaptions, community theater, and the use of blackface.

Early Modern
Performance

Thompson, Ayanna, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

A collection of essays discussing the racialized elements with which all of Shakespeare's works are invested. The essays draw upon a wide range of source materials from a variety of contexts to interrogate how race has been constructed through the prism of Shakespeare. The compendium as a whole engages conversations in the study of Shakespeare, global history, postcolonialism, performance studies, Blackness, and more.

Early Modern
Literature

Vernon, Matthew. The Black Middle Ages. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2019.

The book charts how African American medievalisms in the 19th and 20th century were used to speak against white contemporaries. Vernon attends carefully to the intersection between medieval studies and African American cultural studies as a framework for reading against a normative and dominant whiteness in both scholarly fields. In addition to the aforementioned fields, it engages discussions in cultural studies and literary studies more broadly.

Medieval
Literature

Ware III, Rudolph T. The Walking Qur’an: Islamic Education, Embodied Knowledge, and History in West Africa. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

A cultural history of pedagogy in Muslim West Africa reaching from the medieval and early modern periods into the present. Ware offers a ground-level exploration of how religious epistemology configured human corporeality in West Africa through the concept of the "walking Quran," and how this conceptualization played into revolutionary, abolitionist, and anticolonial movements without reliance upon Western discourses of the same. The work engages the study of religion, embodiment, Islam, West Africa, abolitionism, and anticolonialism.

Early Modern
Religious Studies

Weever, Jacqueline de. Sheba’s Daughters: Whitening and Demonizing the Saracen Woman in Medieval French Epic. New York: Routledge, 1998.

Analyzes the figure of the so-called “Saracen” woman in medieval French literature in the 12th and 13th centuries. The book uses thematic patterns in the representation of these figures—such as the accented whiteness of crusader-abetting “Saracen” princesses, and the accented Blackness of those who resist the crusaders—to illuminate the intersection of racialization and imperial ambition in medieval French cultural contexts. The work thus explores discussions in the study of French literature, Blackness, conversion, and the crusades.

Medieval
Literature

Whitaker, Cord J. Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.

Explores the uses of Blackness in 14th century English literature. It argues that the medieval reception of classical rhetoric is central to medieval race-thinking and the construction of what would later become modern racial ideology. The book makes the case that while in modernity the elements of race have coalesced and congealed, in the Middle Ages race is still under construction. It examines the relation between race and religion in metaphors deploying Blackness.

Medieval
Literature

Wilburn, Reginald A. “Phillis Wheatley and the ‘Miracle’ of Miltonic Influence.” Milton Studies 58 (2017): 145-165.

Explores the dense engagement with Milton in the works of a Phillis Wheatley in the 18th century United States. Wilburn places this engagement within wider Black literary and Africanist discursive traditions. The article engages conversations on U.S. history, Milton, and captivity and enslavement.

Early Modern
Literature

Wilburn, Reginald A. Preaching the Gospel of Black Revolt: Appropriating Milton in Early African American Literature. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2014.

Examines the presence and influence of John Milton within the early 17th century in a variety of early African American writing. Wilburn examines Milton’s presence in early African Americans’ rhetorical affiliations and his satanic epic for messianic purposes of freedom and racial uplift. Wilburn contends that African Americans executed a refusal to rhetorical incompetence by reinventing writing styles, themes, symbolism, imagery, and key figures in Milton’s writings to connect to the religious or scriptural significance in his texts.

Early Modern
Literature

Wright, Elizabeth. The Epic of Juan Latino: Dilemmas of Race and Religion in Renaissance Spain. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2016.

Tells the story of Renaissance Europe’s first Black poet, Juan Latino, during the 16th century. His publication Austrias Carmen (Song of John of Austria) recounts the battle of Lepanto in 1571. Wright analyzes Juan Latino’s life through discourses on race, religion, and blood purity practices.

Early Modern

Zacher, Samantha, ed. Imagining the Jew in Anglo-Saxon Literature and Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016.

A collection of essays exploring medieval English representations of Jews in literature and visual arts prior to the Norman conquest of 1066. The essays range in theme from studies of scriptural commentaries to images found in Christian manuscripts, excavating as a whole the deep history of English anti-Semitism. The book engages the study of medieval England, anti-Semitism, and Christianity.

Medieval
Literature
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